Appendix E

MKUltra Declassified Subprojects: A Reference Guide

Purpose

This appendix catalogs the documented subprojects of the CIA's MKUltra program, drawing from the approximately 20,000 pages of records that survived the 1973 destruction order. The surviving documents were discovered in 1977 in the CIA's financial records (which were stored separately from the operational files that were destroyed). This appendix focuses on subprojects relevant to Marshall's testimony—those involving consciousness manipulation, behavioral modification, and the creation of controllable human subjects.

Program Overview

• Official name: MKULTRA (also styled MK-ULTRA or MKUltra)
• Authorization: April 13, 1953, by CIA Director Allen Dulles
• Administration: Technical Services Staff (TSS), directed by Sidney Gottlieb
• Duration: 1953–1973 (officially)
• Budget: Classified; estimated at several hundred million dollars (inflation-adjusted)
• Subprojects: 149 documented; unknown number undocumented
• Records destroyed: Approximately 80% of program files, ordered destroyed by CIA Director Richard Helms in 1973
• Disclosure: Partially revealed by the Church Committee (1975) and further by FOIA requests

Selected Subprojects Relevant to Marshall's Testimony

Subproject 2 — LSD and Hypnosis

• Combined administration of LSD with hypnotic suggestion
• Goal: determine whether subjects under the combined influence could be programmed to perform specific tasks
• Relevance: The combination of altered consciousness states with behavioral programming parallels Marshall's description of the "scenario method" — repeated psychological conditioning during altered states

Subproject 8 — Hypnosis Studies

• Conducted at various universities
• Explored the creation of "hypnotically induced anxieties" and "post-hypnotic amnesia"
• Goal: determine whether subjects could be made to forget experiences under hypnotic suggestion
• Relevance: Marshall describes memory suppression as a standard feature of the cloning station experience — participants remember while in clone state but forget upon waking

Subproject 35 — Georgetown University

• Studies on the effects of psychoactive drugs on human behavior
• Conducted under the cover of legitimate academic research
• Relevance: Demonstrates the use of academic institutions as cover for classified consciousness research

Subproject 39 — The "Manchurian Candidate" Studies

• Investigations into whether a subject could be programmed to assassinate a target and then have no memory of the programming or the act
• Referenced in Richard Condon's 1959 novel The Manchurian Candidate
• Relevance: Marshall describes the creation of "Megadeth" — programmed individuals who can be activated for violent purposes through clone-body consciousness transfer

Subproject 42 — Sensory Deprivation

• Subjects were placed in isolation chambers with no sensory input for extended periods
• Documented effects: hallucinations, cognitive breakdown, extreme suggestibility
• Conducted at McGill University by Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron
• Relevance: Sensory deprivation followed by controlled sensory input (the "scenario method") is described by Marshall as the foundation of clone-based psychological conditioning

Subproject 43 — "Psychic Driving"

• Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron's program at Allan Memorial Institute, McGill University
• Subjects were given massive doses of LSD, electroshock, and medically induced comas lasting weeks
• During comas, recorded messages were played on loops (up to 500,000 repetitions)
• Goal: "de-pattern" the subject's existing personality and replace it with a new one
• Cameron's work was funded through a CIA front organization (the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology)
• Relevance: The most direct MKUltra parallel to Marshall's clone-based programming. Cameron attempted to erase and replace human personality using pharmacological and psychological tools. Marshall claims the same goal is achieved more efficiently through cloning technology — creating a blank biological substrate that can be programmed without the resistance of an existing personality

Subproject 54 — Brain Concussion as Related to Interrogation

• Studies on the effects of concussive force on consciousness and memory
• Explored whether "ichiban" — a technique involving blows to the head — could produce amnesia
• Relevance: Marshall describes physical violence against clones as a conditioning tool, with the knowledge that damage to the clone body is temporary (a new clone can be grown)

Subproject 68 — Dr. Cameron's "Depatterning" Program

• Extension of Subproject 43
• Involved "depatterning" through electroshock (30-40 times normal therapeutic voltage) and "psychic driving"
• Goal: completely erase the subject's personality and create a "blank slate"
• Subjects included Canadian citizens who had sought treatment for minor conditions (anxiety, post-partum depression) and were enrolled in the program without informed consent
• The Canadian government later paid compensation to victims' families
• Relevance: Demonstrates documented institutional willingness to destroy human consciousness in pursuit of a programmable human subject — the same goal Marshall attributes to the cloning program

Subproject 119 — "Techniques of Activation of the Human Organism by Remote Electronic Means"

• Title is self-explanatory and was not declassified until later FOIA releases
• Explored electronic stimulation of the brain to produce specific behavioral responses
• Relevance: Marshall describes the consciousness chip — a technology for electronically interfacing with human neural architecture. Subproject 119 demonstrates that the CIA was researching this capability as early as the 1960s

Subproject 136 — ESP and "Remote Viewing"

• Investigations into extrasensory perception and its potential intelligence applications
• Led to the later Stargate Program (1978–1995), a classified investigation into psychic phenomena
• The Stargate Program (real, not the TV show) explored "remote viewing" — the claimed ability to perceive distant locations through non-physical means
• Relevance: Marshall describes consciousness as transferable across distance (from original body to clone body). The CIA's investigation of remote viewing suggests institutional interest in the same fundamental question — whether consciousness can operate independent of its physical location

The Destruction of Records

In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered the destruction of all MKUltra files. The order was substantially carried out. Approximately 80% of the program's records were destroyed.

The surviving 20,000 pages were discovered because they had been misfiled in the CIA's financial records division — a clerical error that preserved the only documentary evidence of the program's existence.

What was destroyed is unknown. The surviving records document 149 subprojects. The destroyed records may have documented additional subprojects, the results of documented subprojects, the identities of all subjects, the identities of all collaborating institutions, and the full scope of the program's achievements and failures.

Marshall's claim — that the program did not end in 1973 but continued under different names with different (more advanced) technology — cannot be confirmed or refuted from the surviving records. The destruction of records ensures that the question of MKUltra's continuation remains permanently unanswerable through documentary evidence alone.

The Continuity Question

The official position is that MKUltra was terminated in 1973 following public exposure and Congressional investigation.

The following facts complicate this position:

1. No one was prosecuted. Despite documented violations of human rights including non-consensual drugging, imprisonment, and psychological torture, no CIA officer or contractor was criminally charged.

2. Key personnel continued their careers. Sidney Gottlieb, the program's director, retired with full benefits. Other participants continued to hold positions within the intelligence community.

3. The institutional culture persisted. The CIA's willingness to conduct non-consensual human experimentation — documented from 1953 to 1973 — did not produce institutional reform. No structural changes were implemented to prevent similar programs from being conducted under different names.

4. The 80% gap. The destruction of 80% of records means that the full scope of MKUltra's work is unknown. Programs or technologies that were documented only in the destroyed files remain completely unknown to the public and to Congressional oversight.

5. Subsequent programs. Declassified documents reveal that related programs continued after MKUltra's official termination, including Project Stargate (remote viewing, 1978-1995) and various behavioral science research programs within the intelligence community.

The question is not whether the CIA's interest in consciousness manipulation ended in 1973. The question is what form it took after 1973 — and whether the technologies described by Marshall represent the current state of a program that began seven decades ago.

Sources

• CIA FOIA Electronic Reading Room (cia.gov/readingroom)
• Church Committee Final Report, Book I: "Foreign and Military Intelligence" (1976)
• Marks, John. The Search for the Manchurian Candidate (1979)
• Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, August 3, 1977
• Kinzer, Stephen. Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control (2019)
• Collins, Anne. In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada (1988)